Casting strength

Casting strength (CS) is the primary offensive measure involved in the resolution of warding magic.

A player character's CS is determined by level, Spell Research, the relevant statistic bonus(es), and certain active spell effects.

Formula

CS = (Level × 3)
+ round(Primary Circle bonus)
+ ceiling(Secondary Circle A bonus)
+ ceiling(Secondary Circle B bonus)
+ round(Stat bonus)
+ round(Spell effects)

round = standard ≥ .5 round up, < .5 round down.
ceiling = always round up

Primary Circle Bonus

The Primary Circle is the spell circle being cast (round normally). For example, a sorcerer casting Mana Disruption (702) would use ranks known in the Sorcerer Base circle to calculate the primary circle CS bonus. If the spell being cast is from a circle that the caster cannot train, for example, a sorcerer casting a Cleric Base spell from a blessed gem, then there is no primary circle bonus. All three trainable circles (sorcerer base, MnE and MnS) become secondary circles.

• Ranks up to level = 1
• Ranks 1-20 above level = 0.75
• Ranks 21-60 above level = 0.5
• Ranks 61-100 above level = 0.25
• Ranks 101-? above level = 0.125

Primary Circle Bonus Example

A level 60 sorcerer with 80 sorcerer base ranks would have a primary circle bonus of 75 (60 + 15) when casting sorcerer base spells. A bonus of 1 for each spell rank up to level and an additional bonus of 15 (20 * .75) for the 20 ranks above level.

Secondary Circle Bonus

Secondary spell circles are any other circles the character knows that do not include the cast spell. For example, a sorcerer casting Mana Disruption (702) would use spell ranks known in the Minor Elemental and Minor Spiritual circles to calculate the secondary spell circle bonuses. If the sorcerer is casting Elemental Strike (415) then the secondary circle bonus calculations would use ranks known in the Sorcerer Base and Minor Spiritual circles. For professions such as rangers, bards, paladins, rogues and warriors that are limited to training in only two spell circles, there is just one secondary circle bonus. (Note: the 2/3 level calculation rounds down, so for example it would be 66 for a level 100 character.)

Ranks per Level	CS per Rank	Rank CS value
Ranks up to 2/3 level	1 CS per 3 spells	0.333~
Ranks between 2/3 level and level	1 CS per 9 spells	0.111~
Ranks above level	1 CS per 20 spells	0.05

Secondary Circle Bonus Example

• A level 63 sorcerer with 60 MnE ranks, and 21 MnS ranks casting a Sorcerer base spell
  • MnE Secondary bonus
    • Ranks up to 2/3 level, (lvl 63) * 2/3 = 42, 60 ranks > 42, so 42 ranks * 1/3 = 14 bonus
    • Ranks up between 2/3 level and level, 60 < 63, 60 - 42 = 18, 18 ranks * 1/9 = 2 bonus
    • total bonus of 14 + 2 = 16
  • MnS Secondary bonus
    • Ranks up to 2/3 level, (lvl 63) * 2/3 = 42, 21 < 42, 21 ranks * 1/3 = 7 bonus
    • total bonus of 7
  • Combined secondary bonus of 16 + 7 = 25

Stat Bonus

Stat bonus is the value appearing after the stat when the INFO command is entered.

• Use the Aura stat bonus for the following spell circles:
  • Bard Base
  • Wizard Base
  • Minor Elemental
  • Major Elemental
• Use the Wisdom stat bonus for the following spell circles:
  • Cleric Base
  • Empath Base
  • Ranger Base
  • Paladin Base
  • Minor Spiritual
  • Major Spiritual
• Use the average of Aura and Wisdom stat bonuses (round up) for:
  • Sorcerer Base
• Use the Logic stat bonus for the following spell circle:
  • Minor Mental
• Use the average of Influence and Logic stat bonuses (round up) for the following spell circle:
  • Major Mental - Not yet implemented
• Use the average of Discipline and Logic stat bonuses (round up) for the following spell circle:
  • Savant Base - Not yet implemented

CS Calculation Example

'Mentok' is a level 60 sorcerer. He has 80 Sorcerer Base ranks, 30 Minor Elemental ranks, and 20 Minor Spiritual ranks with a +30 Aura bonus and a +25 Wisdom bonus.

• Level x 3 = 180
• 60 Sorcerer Base ranks @ 1.0 + 20 ranks @ 0.75 = 75
• 30 Minor Elemental ranks @ 0.333 = 10
• 20 Minor Spiritual ranks @ 0.333 = 7
• (30 AUR bonus + 25 WIS bonus)/2 = 28

180 + 75 + 10 + 7 + 28 = 300
Mentok's sorcerer circle CS = 300

If he casts Elemental Targeting (425), he would gain an additional +13.5 (14) CS to Sorcerer Base.

Items and spells to boost CS

CS enhancements to a specific sphere of magic have half effect for spells from related circles, and none for spells from opposing spheres. For example, Elemental Targeting provides half of its bonus to Sorcerer spells and no benefit to Spiritual spells. CS benefits from spells are all combined, including fractional gains, before the sum is rounded to an integer value.

Active Effect	Bonus	Sphere	Notes
Mystic Focus (1711) (see below)	+10	All	available from heavy quartz orbs
Acuity flares	+3 per tier	All	stacks with Ensorcell (735)
Symbol of Supremacy	+1 per 2 ranks	All	only vs. undead; up to +13 for masters
Elemental Targeting (425)	+25	Elemental	up to +50 based on MnE ranks
Elemental focus potion	+10 (minor) +15 (lesser) +25 (greater)	Elemental	on next cast
Champion's Might (1612)	+15	Spiritual	up to +25 based on Paladin Base ranks
Spirit Slayer (240)	+25	Spiritual	on recast; up to +45 based on Spiritual Mana Control
Symbol of the Proselyte (340)	+5	Spiritual	on next cast; additional bonuses from Influence and Wisdom
Spiritual focus crystal	+10 (minor) +15 (lesser) +25 (greater)	Spiritual	on next cast
Mental focus crystal	+10 (minor) +15 (lesser) +25 (greater)	Mental	on next cast

Maximum CS

This section lists the maximum CS that can be reached by a level 100 character, assuming statistic bonuses of +25 and Elemental Targeting in effect (actual CS may be different for races with stat modifiers). The listed spell ranks are not necessarily the only configuration that achieves each result.

Bard

Bards have 202 ranks total, and can reach 517 Bard Base CS with:

• 125 Bard Base, 77 Minor Elemental
• 127 Bard Base, 75 Minor Elemental

Cleric

Clerics have 303 ranks total, and can reach 508 Cleric Base CS with:

• 166 Cleric Base, 67 Minor Spiritual, 67 Major Spiritual

leaving 3 ranks that can be placed anywhere with no CS gain or

• 170 Cleric Base, 67 Minor Spiritual, 66 Major Spiritual
• 170 Cleric Base, 66 Minor Spiritual, 67 Major Spiritual

Empath

Empaths have 303 ranks total, and can reach 508 Empath Base CS with:

• 166 Empath Base, 67 Minor Spiritual, 67 Major Spiritual

leaving 3 ranks that can be placed anywhere with no CS gain or

• 170 Empath Base, 67 Minor Spiritual, 66 Major Spiritual
• 170 Empath Base, 66 Minor Spiritual, 67 Major Spiritual

Sorcerer

Sorcerers have 303 ranks total, and can reach 532 Sorcerer Base CS with:

• 162 Sorcerer Base, 73 Minor Elemental, 67 Minor Spiritual

leaving 1 rank that can be placed anywhere with no CS gain or

• 159 Sorcerer Base, 77 Minor Elemental, 67 Minor Spiritual
• 162 Sorcerer Base, 77 Minor Elemental, 64 Minor Spiritual
• 166 Sorcerer Base, 73 Minor Elemental, 64 Minor Spiritual
• 170 Sorcerer Base, 69 Minor Elemental, 64 Minor Spiritual

Due to the nature of hybrid circles, a spell rank configuration that includes 75+ ranks of Minor Elemental will result in +0.5 CS over a configuration without. In practice, this will result in +1 CS in any situation where a sorcerer would receive an additional fractional CS gain from a spell effect.

Wizard

Wizards have 303 ranks total, and can reach 557 Major Elemental CS with:

• 159 Major Elemental, 77 Minor Elemental, 67 Wizard
• 162 Major Elemental, 77 Minor Elemental, 64 Wizard

(In practice these configurations are uncommon. Unlike other professions, wizards rarely train purely for CS in a single spell circle and have many non-warding attack options.)

Magic Items and Scrolls

Activating a warding spell from a magic item or scroll will grant a CS bonus similar to spell ranks using the following formula:

CS Per AS/MIU Rank	Limit
0.75	Up to level
0.5	Up to 2x level
0.33	Over 2x level

Ranger Base, Bard Base, and Paladin Base bonuses are halved in all cases.

While Mystic Focus is active, warding spells from the Elemental (MnE, MjE, Wizard, Bard) and Sorcerer spheres receive a further bonus based on the caster's Magic Item Use or Arcane Symbols skill, depending on whether the subsequent warding spell is cast from a magic item or a scroll. The Elemental/Sorcerer sphere bonus does not stack with Elemental Targeting (425).

External Links

To find the optimal spell rank training to maximize your CS in in a single circle you can use this calculator.

• Syphaer's CS Calculator - Calculate CS with specified spell ranks
• Syphaer's CS Optimizer - Calculate optimized spell ranks for highest CS